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README.md

How to self-host hardened strongSwan IKEv2/IPsec VPN server for iOS and macOS

How to self-host hardened strongSwan IKEv2/IPsec VPN server for iOS and macOS - YouTube

Heads-up: when following this guide on IPv4-only servers (which is totally fine if one knows what one is doing), it’s likely IPv6 traffic will leak on iOS when clients are connected to carriers or ISPs running dual stack (IPv4 + IPv6) infrastructure. Leaks can be mitigated on iOS (cellular-only) and on macOS by following this guide.

Requirements

  • Virtual private server (VPS) or dedicated server running Debian 10 (buster) with public IPv4 address
  • Computer running macOS Mojave or Catalina
  • Phone running iOS 12 or 13

Caveats

  • When copy/pasting commands that start with $, strip out $ as this character is not part of the command
  • When copy/pasting commands that start with cat << "EOF", select all lines at once (from cat << "EOF" to EOF inclusively) as they are part of the same (single) command

Guide

Step 1: create vpn-server SSH key pair (on Mac)

When asked for file in which to save key, enter vpn-server.

When asked for passphrase, use output from openssl rand -base64 24 (and store passphrase in password manager).

Use vpn-server.pub public key when setting up server.

$ mkdir -p ~/.ssh

$ cd ~/.ssh

$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "vpn-server"
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/Users/sunknudsen/.ssh/id_rsa): vpn-server
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in vpn-server.
Your public key has been saved in vpn-server.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:4On7WymZIcM5p8SbsybwJpaFIUrnTUMf/1fdAhI1WPY vpn-server
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|          .==    |
|     . .  o..o   |
|    . o o  . .E o|
|.... * = .    ..o|
|o.ooo % S .   .. |
|. o..+ O + o .   |
|   =  * + o .    |
|  + + .+ o       |
| . o oo.o.       |
+----[SHA256]-----+

$ cat vpn-server.pub
ssh-rsa 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 vpn-server

Step 2: log in to server as root

Replace 185.193.126.203 with IP of server.

ssh root@185.193.126.203 -i ~/.ssh/vpn-server

Step 3: disable root bash history

echo "HISTFILESIZE=0" >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

Step 4: set root password

When asked for password, use output from openssl rand -base64 24 (and store password in password manager).

passwd

Step 5: create vpn-server-admin user

When asked for password, use output from openssl rand -base64 24 (and store password in password manager).

All other fields are optional, press enter to skip them and then press Y.

$ adduser vpn-server-admin
Adding user `vpn-server-admin' ...
Adding new group `vpn-server-admin' (1000) ...
Adding new user `vpn-server-admin' (1000) with group `vpn-server-admin' ...
Creating home directory `/home/vpn-server-admin' ...
Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
Changing the user information for vpn-server-admin
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
	Full Name []:
	Room Number []:
	Work Phone []:
	Home Phone []:
	Other []:
Is the information correct? [Y/n] Y

Step 6: copy root authorized_keys file to vpn-server-admin home folder

mkdir /home/vpn-server-admin/.ssh
cp /root/.ssh/authorized_keys /home/vpn-server-admin/.ssh/authorized_keys
chown -R vpn-server-admin:vpn-server-admin /home/vpn-server-admin/.ssh

Step 7: log out

exit

Step 8: log in as vpn-server-admin

Replace 185.193.126.203 with IP of server.

ssh vpn-server-admin@185.193.126.203 -i ~/.ssh/vpn-server

Step 9: disable vpn-server-admin bash history

sed -i -E 's/^HISTSIZE=/#HISTSIZE=/' ~/.bashrc
sed -i -E 's/^HISTFILESIZE=/#HISTFILESIZE=/' ~/.bashrc
echo "HISTFILESIZE=0" >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

Step 10: switch to root

When asked, enter root password.

su -

Step 11: disable root login and password authentication

sed -i -E 's/(#)?PermitRootLogin (prohibit-password|yes)/PermitRootLogin no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sed -i -E 's/(#)?PasswordAuthentication yes/PasswordAuthentication no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
systemctl restart ssh

Step 12: update APT index and upgrade packages

Update APT index

apt update

Upgrade packages

apt upgrade -y

Step 13: install and configure Vim

Install Vim

apt install -y vim

Configure Vim

cat << "EOF" > ~/.vimrc
set encoding=UTF-8
set termencoding=UTF-8
set nocompatible
set backspace=indent,eol,start
set autoindent
set tabstop=2
set shiftwidth=2
set expandtab
set smarttab
set ruler
set paste
syntax on
EOF

Step 14: set timezone (the following is for Montreal time)

See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones for available timezones.

timedatectl set-timezone America/Montreal

Step 15: detect network interface and save to environment variables

$ ip -4 route | grep "default" | awk '{print "STRONGSWAN_INTERFACE="$5}' | tee -a ~/.bashrc
STRONGSWAN_INTERFACE=eth0

$ source ~/.bashrc

Step 16: install cURL and Python, generate random IPv6 ULA and save to environment variables

Install cURL and Python

apt install -y curl python

Generate random IPv6 ULA and save to environment variables

Shout out to Andrew Ho for ulagen.py.

The following command downloads and runs ulagen.py (PGP signature, PGP public key).

$ curl -s https://sunknudsen.com/static/media/privacy-guides/how-to-self-host-hardened-strongswan-ikev2-ipsec-vpn-server-for-ios-and-macos/ulagen.py | python | grep "First subnet" | awk '{print "STRONGSWAN_IPV6_ULA="$3}' | tee -a ~/.bashrc
STRONGSWAN_IPV6_ULA=fdcb:f7a1:38ec::/64

$ source ~/.bashrc

Step 17: install iptables-persistent

When asked to save current IPv4 or IPv6 rules, answer Yes.

apt install -y iptables-persistent

Step 18: configure iptables

iptables -N SSH_BRUTE_FORCE_MITIGATION
iptables -A SSH_BRUTE_FORCE_MITIGATION -m recent --name SSH --set
iptables -A SSH_BRUTE_FORCE_MITIGATION -m recent --name SSH --update --seconds 300 --hitcount 10 -m limit --limit 1/second --limit-burst 100 -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables[ssh-brute-force]: "
iptables -A SSH_BRUTE_FORCE_MITIGATION -m recent --name SSH --update --seconds 300 --hitcount 10 -j DROP
iptables -A SSH_BRUTE_FORCE_MITIGATION -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 --syn -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j SSH_BRUTE_FORCE_MITIGATION
iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 500 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 4500 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -s 10.0.2.0/24 -m policy --dir in --pol ipsec --proto esp -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -d 10.0.2.0/24 -m policy --dir out --pol ipsec --proto esp -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 53 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 53 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 123 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.2.0/24 -o $STRONGSWAN_INTERFACE -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j ACCEPT
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.2.0/24 -o $STRONGSWAN_INTERFACE -j MASQUERADE
iptables -t mangle -A FORWARD -m policy --pol ipsec --dir in -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1280
iptables -t mangle -A FORWARD -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1280
iptables -P FORWARD DROP
iptables -P INPUT DROP
iptables -P OUTPUT DROP

If server is IPv4-only, run:

ip6tables -P FORWARD DROP
ip6tables -P INPUT DROP
ip6tables -P OUTPUT DROP

If server is dual stack (IPv4 + IPv6) run:

ip6tables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type destination-unreachable -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type packet-too-big -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type time-exceeded -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type parameter-problem -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type router-advertisement -m hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type neighbor-solicitation -m hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type neighbor-advertisement -m hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type redirect -m hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 500 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 4500 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A FORWARD -s $STRONGSWAN_IPV6_ULA -m policy --dir in --pol ipsec --proto esp -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A FORWARD -d $STRONGSWAN_IPV6_ULA -m policy --dir out --pol ipsec --proto esp -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type destination-unreachable -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type packet-too-big -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type time-exceeded -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type parameter-problem -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type router-solicitation -m hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type neighbour-solicitation -m hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p ipv6-icmp --icmpv6-type neighbour-advertisement -m hl --hl-eq 255 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 53 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 53 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 123 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $STRONGSWAN_IPV6_ULA -o $STRONGSWAN_INTERFACE -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $STRONGSWAN_IPV6_ULA -o $STRONGSWAN_INTERFACE -j MASQUERADE
ip6tables -t mangle -A FORWARD -m policy --pol ipsec --dir in -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1280
ip6tables -t mangle -A FORWARD -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1280
ip6tables -P FORWARD DROP
ip6tables -P INPUT DROP
ip6tables -P OUTPUT DROP

Step 19: log out and log in to confirm iptables didn’t block SSH

Log out

exit
exit

Log in

Replace 185.193.126.203 with IP of server.

ssh vpn-server-admin@185.193.126.203 -i ~/.ssh/vpn-server

Switch to root

When asked, enter root password.

su -

Step 20: make iptables rules persistent

iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4
ip6tables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v6

Step 21: add and enable dummy network interface

If server is configured to use /etc/network/interfaces, run:

cp /etc/network/interfaces /etc/network/interfaces.backup
cat << "EOF" >> /etc/network/interfaces
auto strongswan0
iface strongswan0 inet static
  address 10.0.2.1/24
  pre-up ip link add strongswan0 type dummy
EOF
ifup strongswan0

If server is configured to use systemd-networkd, run:

cat << "EOF" >> /etc/systemd/network/10-strongswan0.netdev
[NetDev]
Name=strongswan0
Kind=dummy
EOF
cat << "EOF" >> /etc/systemd/network/20-strongswan0.network
[Match]
Name=strongswan0

[Network]
Address=10.0.2.1/24
EOF
systemctl restart systemd-networkd

Step 22: install, configure and restart dnsmasq

Install dnsmasq

Please ignore systemd port conflict error (if present).

apt install -y dnsmasq

Configure dnsmasq

cat << "EOF" > /etc/dnsmasq.d/01-dhcp-strongswan.conf
interface=strongswan0
dhcp-range=10.0.2.10,10.0.2.254,255.255.255.0
port=0
EOF

Restart dnsmasq

systemctl restart dnsmasq

Step 23: install strongSwan

If you are shown an “Old runlevel management superseded” warning, answer Ok.

apt install -y strongswan libcharon-extra-plugins

Step 24: configure strongSwan

Find server DNS nameserver(s)

Depending on server configuration, DNS nameserver(s) can be found using one of the following commands (ignore nameservers starting with 127).

Fist, run:

$ cat /etc/resolv.conf | grep "nameserver" | awk '{print $2}'
93.95.224.28
93.95.224.29

If that doesn’t output valid nameserver(s), run:

$ cat /etc/network/interfaces | grep "dns-nameservers" | awk '{$1="";$0=$0;} NF=NF'
93.95.224.28 93.95.224.29

If that doesn’t output valid nameserver(s), run:

$ systemd-resolve --status | grep "DNS Servers" | awk '{print $3}'
95.215.19.53

Set DNS nameserver(s)

Replace 95.215.19.53 with server DNS nameserver(s).

Separate nameservers using commas with no leading spaces (example: 93.95.224.28,93.95.224.29).

STRONGSWAN_DNS_NAMESERVERS=95.215.19.53

Backup and override /etc/ipsec.conf

cp /etc/ipsec.conf /etc/ipsec.conf.backup

If server is IPv4-only, run:

cat << EOF > /etc/ipsec.conf
config setup
  charondebug="ike 1, knl 1, cfg 1"

conn ikev2
  auto=add
  compress=no
  type=tunnel
  keyexchange=ikev2
  fragmentation=yes
  forceencaps=yes
  ike=aes256gcm16-prfsha512-ecp384!
  esp=aes256gcm16-ecp384!
  dpdaction=clear
  dpddelay=300s
  rekey=no
  left=%any
  leftid=vpn-server.com
  leftcert=server.crt
  leftsendcert=always
  leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
  right=%any
  rightid=%any
  rightauth=eap-tls
  rightdns=$STRONGSWAN_DNS_NAMESERVERS
  rightsourceip=%dhcp
  rightsendcert=never
  eap_identity=%identity
EOF

If server is dual stack (IPv4 + IPv6) run:

cat << EOF > /etc/ipsec.conf
config setup
  charondebug="ike 1, knl 1, cfg 1"

conn ikev2
  auto=add
  compress=no
  type=tunnel
  keyexchange=ikev2
  fragmentation=yes
  forceencaps=yes
  ike=aes256gcm16-prfsha512-ecp384!
  esp=aes256gcm16-ecp384!
  dpdaction=clear
  dpddelay=300s
  rekey=no
  left=%any
  leftid=vpn-server.com
  leftcert=server.crt
  leftsendcert=always
  leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0,::/0
  right=%any
  rightid=%any
  rightauth=eap-tls
  rightdns=$STRONGSWAN_DNS_NAMESERVERS
  rightsourceip=%dhcp,$STRONGSWAN_IPV6_ULA
  rightsendcert=never
  eap_identity=%identity
EOF

Backup and override /etc/ipsec.secrets

cp /etc/ipsec.secrets /etc/ipsec.secrets.backup
cat << "EOF" > /etc/ipsec.secrets
: RSA server.key
EOF

Backup and override /etc/strongswan.d/charon-logging.conf

cp /etc/strongswan.d/charon-logging.conf /etc/strongswan.d/charon-logging.conf.backup
cat << "EOF" > /etc/strongswan.d/charon-logging.conf
charon {
    filelog {
        charon {
            default = 1
        }
    }
    syslog {
        auth {
            default = 1
        }
    }
}
EOF

Backup and override /etc/strongswan.d/charon/dhcp.conf

cp /etc/strongswan.d/charon/dhcp.conf /etc/strongswan.d/charon/dhcp.conf.backup
cat << "EOF" > /etc/strongswan.d/charon/dhcp.conf
dhcp {
    force_server_address = yes
    identity_lease = yes
    interface = strongswan0
    load = yes
    server = 10.0.2.1
}
EOF

Disable unused plugins

cd /etc/strongswan.d/charon
sed -i 's/load = yes/load = no/' ./*.conf
sed -i 's/load = no/load = yes/' ./eap-tls.conf ./aes.conf ./dhcp.conf ./farp.conf ./gcm.conf ./hmac.conf ./kernel-netlink.conf ./nonce.conf ./openssl.conf ./pem.conf ./pgp.conf ./pkcs12.conf ./pkcs7.conf ./pkcs8.conf ./pubkey.conf ./random.conf ./revocation.conf ./sha2.conf ./socket-default.conf ./stroke.conf ./x509.conf
cd

Backup and edit /lib/systemd/system/strongswan.service

cp /lib/systemd/system/strongswan.service /lib/systemd/system/strongswan.service.backup
sed -i 's/After=network-online.target/After=dnsmasq.service/' /lib/systemd/system/strongswan.service
systemctl daemon-reload

Step 25: create strongswan-certs folder

Heads-up: for security reasons, steps 23 to 27 are done on Mac vs server.

Heads-up: store strongswan-certs folder in a safe place if you wish to issue additional certificates in the future.

mkdir ~/Desktop/strongswan-certs
cd ~/Desktop/strongswan-certs

Step 26: create OpenSSL config file

Set client common name

Each client is configured using a unique common name ending with @vpn-server.com.

STRONGSWAN_CLIENT_COMMON_NAME=john@vpn-server.com

Create OpenSSL config file

cat << EOF > openssl.cnf
[ req ]
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
attributes = req_attributes
[ req_distinguished_name ]
countryName = Country Name (2 letter code)
countryName_min = 2
countryName_max = 2
countryName_default = US
0.organizationName = Organization Name (eg, company)
0.organizationName_default = Self-hosted strongSwan VPN
commonName = Common Name (eg, fully qualified host name)
commonName_max = 64
[ req_attributes ]
challengePassword = A challenge password
challengePassword_min = 4
challengePassword_max = 20
[ ca ]
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = critical, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ server ]
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid
subjectAltName = DNS:vpn-server.com
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth, 1.3.6.1.5.5.8.2.2
[ client ]
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid
subjectAltName = email:$STRONGSWAN_CLIENT_COMMON_NAME
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth, 1.3.6.1.5.5.8.2.2
EOF

Step 27: generate certificate authority cert

$ openssl genrsa -out ca.key 4096
Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
......................................++
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................++
e is 65537 (0x10001)

$ openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -config openssl.cnf -extensions ca -key ca.key -subj "/C=US/O=Self-hosted strongSwan VPN/CN=vpn-server.com" -days 3650 -out ca.crt

Step 28: generate server cert

$ openssl genrsa -out server.key 4096
Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................++
................................................................................++
e is 65537 (0x10001)

$ openssl req -new -config openssl.cnf -extensions server -key server.key -subj "/C=US/O=Self-hosted strongSwan VPN/CN=vpn-server.com" -out server.csr

$ openssl x509 -req -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions server -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650 -out server.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=US/O=Self-hosted strongSwan VPN/CN=vpn-server.com
Getting CA Private Key

Step 29: generate client cert

When asked for export password, use output from openssl rand -base64 24 (and store password in password manager).

$ openssl genrsa -out john.key 4096
Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
.........++
............................................................................++
e is 65537 (0x10001)

$ openssl req -new -config openssl.cnf -extensions client -key john.key -subj "/C=US/O=Self-hosted strongSwan VPN/CN=$STRONGSWAN_CLIENT_COMMON_NAME" -out john.csr

$ openssl x509 -req -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions client -in john.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650 -out john.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=US/O=Self-hosted strongSwan VPN/CN=john@vpn-server.com
Getting CA Private Key

$ openssl pkcs12 -in john.crt -inkey john.key -certfile ca.crt -export -out john.p12
Enter Export Password:
Verifying - Enter Export Password:

Step 30: copy/paste the content of ca.crt, server.key and server.crt to server and make private key root-only.

On Mac: run cat ca.crt

On server: run vi /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/ca.crt, press i, paste output from previous step in window, press esc and press shift+z+z

On Mac: run cat server.key

On server: run vi /etc/ipsec.d/private/server.key, press i, paste output from previous step in window, press esc and press shift+z+z

On Mac: run cat server.crt

On server: run vi /etc/ipsec.d/certs/server.crt, press i, paste output from previous step in window, press esc and press shift+z+z

On server: run chmod -R 600 /etc/ipsec.d/private

Step 31: restart strongSwan

systemctl restart strongswan

Step 32: configure sysctl

Backup and edit /etc/sysctl.conf

cp /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.conf.backup
sed -i -E 's/#net.ipv4.ip_forward=1/net.ipv4.ip_forward=1/' /etc/sysctl.conf
sed -i -E 's/#net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0/net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0/' /etc/sysctl.conf
sed -i -E 's/#net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0/net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0/' /etc/sysctl.conf

If server is IPv4-only, run:

cat << "EOF" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1
EOF

If server is dual stack (IPv4 + IPv6) run:

sed -i -E 's/#net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1/net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1/' /etc/sysctl.conf

Reload sysctl

sysctl -p

Step 33: create VPN profile for iOS and macOS using Apple Configurator 2

Heads-up: when configuring strongSwan using certs and dnsmasq, two devices cannot use the same provisioning profile simultaneously.

Open “Apple Configurator 2”, then click “File”, then “New Profile”.

In “General”, enter “Self-hosted strongSwan VPN” in “Name”.

apple-configurator-general

In “Certificates”, click “Configure” and select “ca.crt”. Then click “+” and select “john.p12”. The password is the one from step 29.

apple-configurator-certificates

In “VPN”, click “Configure” and enter the settings from the following screenshot (replace 185.193.126.203 with IP of server).

The “Child SA Params” are the same as “IKE SA Params”.

apple-configurator-vpn

Finally, click “File”, then “Save”, and save file as “john.mobileconfig”.

Step 34: add VPN profile to iPhone using Apple Configurator 2

Unlock iPhone, connect it to Mac using USB cable and open Apple Configurator 2.

In “All Devices”, double-click on iPhone, then “Add”, and finally “Profiles”.

Select “john.mobileconfig” and follow instructions.

On iPhone, open “Settings”, then “Profile Downloaded” and tap “Install”.

If this steps fails (a recent update to Apple Configurator 2 has introduced a bug), please run the following and try again.

sed -i '' '/<key>DNS<\/key>/,/<\/dict>/d' ~/Desktop/strongswan-certs/john.mobileconfig

Step 35: add VPN profile to Mac

This step is super simple, simply double-click “john.mobileconfig” and follow instructions.

If this steps fails (a recent update to Apple Configurator 2 has introduced a bug), please run the following and try again.

sed -i '' '/<key>DNS<\/key>/,/<\/dict>/d' ~/Desktop/strongswan-certs/john.mobileconfig

Step 36: connect to VPN on iPhone or Mac

On iPhone, open “Settings”, then enable “VPN”.

On Mac, open “System Preferences”, click “Network”, then “Self-hosted strongSwan VPN” and finally “Connect” and enable “Show VPN status in menu bar”.

Step 37: test for leaks

Open Firefox and go to https://ipleak.net/.

Make sure listed IPv4, IPv6 (if server is dual stack) and DNS servers do not match the ones supplied by client ISP.

Step 38: create additional provisioning profiles

Repeat steps 26, 29 and 33.

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