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How to backup and encrypt data using rsync and VeraCrypt on macOS

Heads-up: when using storage devices with wear-leveling (most flash storage devices), it is not possible to securely change password once it has been set (see Wear-Leveling).

Requirements

Computer running macOS Mojave or Catalina
USB flash drive or SD card formatted using FAT (4GiB file size limit) or exFAT filesystem (see Journaling File Systems)

Caveats

When copy/pasting commands that start with $, strip out $ as this character is not part of the command
When copy/pasting commands that start with cat << "EOF", select all lines at once (from cat << "EOF" to EOF inclusively) as they are part of the same (single) command

Setup guide

Step 1: install Homebrew

/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install.sh)"

Step 2: disable Homebrew analytics

brew analytics off

Step 3: install FUSE for macOS and GnuPG

Heads-up: if brew install --cask osxfuse fails, try brew cask install osxfuse (see issue).

brew install --cask osxfuse
brew install gnupg

Step 4: import VeraCrypt’s public key

$ gpg --keyserver hkps://keys.openpgp.org --recv-keys 0x821ACD02680D16DE
gpg: key 0x821ACD02680D16DE: public key "VeraCrypt Team (2018 - Supersedes Key ID=0x54DDD393) <veracrypt@idrix.fr>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1

Step 5: download VeraCrypt

Go to https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.htmld PGP signature to ~/Downloads folder.

Step 6: verify VeraCrypt release signature using GnuPG

Replace VeraCrypt_1.24-Update7 with current release.

$ gpg --verify ~/Downloads/VeraCrypt_1.24-Update7.dmg.sig
gpg: assuming signed data in '/Users/sunknudsen/Downloads/VeraCrypt_1.24-Update7.dmg'
gpg: Signature made Sat  8 Aug 14:20:27 2020 EDT
gpg:                using RSA key 5069A233D55A0EEB174A5FC3821ACD02680D16DE
gpg: Good signature from "VeraCrypt Team (2018 - Supersedes Key ID=0x54DDD393) <veracrypt@idrix.fr>" [unknown]
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: 5069 A233 D55A 0EEB 174A  5FC3 821A CD02 680D 16DE

Good signature

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Step 7: install VeraCrypt

Step 8: create and test VeraCrypt symlink

$ ln -s /Applications/VeraCrypt.app/Contents/MacOS/VeraCrypt /usr/local/bin/veracrypt

$ veracrypt --text --version
VeraCrypt 1.24-Update7

VeraCrypt 1.24-Update7

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Step 9: set temporary environment variable

BACKUP_VOLUME_PATH="/Volumes/Samsung BAR/backup"

Step 10: create encrypted volume

Heads-up: volume size cannot be increased later.

Heads-up: Mac OS Extended filesystem required on macOS.

$ veracrypt --text --create "$BACKUP_VOLUME_PATH"
Volume type:
 1) Normal
 2) Hidden
Select [1]:

Enter volume size (sizeK/size[M]/sizeG): 1G

Encryption Algorithm:
 1) AES
 2) Serpent
 3) Twofish
 4) Camellia
 5) Kuznyechik
 6) AES(Twofish)
 7) AES(Twofish(Serpent))
 8) Camellia(Kuznyechik)
 9) Camellia(Serpent)
 10) Kuznyechik(AES)
 11) Kuznyechik(Serpent(Camellia))
 12) Kuznyechik(Twofish)
 13) Serpent(AES)
 14) Serpent(Twofish(AES))
 15) Twofish(Serpent)
Select [7]:

Hash algorithm:
 1) SHA-512
 2) Whirlpool
 3) SHA-256
 4) Streebog
Select [1]:

Filesystem:
 1) None
 2) FAT
 3) Mac OS Extended
 4) exFAT
 5) APFS
Select [3]:

Enter password:
Re-enter password:

Enter PIM:

Enter keyfile path [none]:

Please type at least 320 randomly chosen characters and then press Enter:


Done: 100.000%  Speed:  24 MiB/s  Left: 0 s

The VeraCrypt volume has been successfully created.

Step 11 (optional): mount, rename and dismount encrypted volume

By default, VeraCrypt encrypted volumes with Mac OS Extended filesystem are named “untitled”.

Mount encrypted volume

$ veracrypt --text --mount --pim 0 --keyfiles "" --protect-hidden no "$BACKUP_VOLUME_PATH" /Volumes/Backup
Enter password for /Volumes/Samsung BAR/backup:

Rename encrypted volume

$ diskutil rename "untitled" "Backup"
Volume on disk3 renamed to Backup

Dismount encrypted volume

veracrypt --text --dismount "$BACKUP_VOLUME_PATH"

Step 12: create `/usr/local/bin/backup.sh` script

cat << EOF > /usr/local/bin/backup.sh
#! /bin/sh

set -e

function dismount()
{
  if [ -d "\$mount_point" ]; then
    veracrypt --text --dismount "\$mount_point"
  fi
}

trap dismount ERR INT

volume_path="$BACKUP_VOLUME_PATH"
mount_point="/Volumes/Backup"

veracrypt --text --mount --pim "0" --keyfiles "" --protect-hidden "no" "\$volume_path" "\$mount_point"

mkdir -p "\$mount_point/Versioning"

files=(
  "/Users/$USER/.gnupg"
  "/Users/$USER/.ssh"
  "/Users/$USER/Library/Keychains"
)

for file in "\${files[@]}"; do
  rsync -axRS --delete --backup --backup-dir "\$mount_point/Versioning" --suffix="\$(date +".%F-%H%M%S")" "\$file" "\$mount_point"
done

if [ "\$(find "\$mount_point/Versioning" -type f -ctime +90)" != "" ]; then
  printf "Do you wish to prune versions older than 90 days (y or n)? "
  read -r answer
  if [ "\$answer" = "y" ]; then
    find "\$mount_point/Versioning" -type f -ctime +90 -delete
    find "\$mount_point/Versioning" -type d -empty -delete
  fi
fi

open "\$mount_point"

printf "Inspect backup and press enter"

read -r answer

dismount

printf "Generate hash (y or n)? "
read -r answer
if [ "\$answer" = "y" ]; then
  openssl dgst -sha512 "\$volume_path"
fi

printf "%s\n" "Done"
EOF
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/backup.sh

Step 13: edit `/usr/local/bin/backup.sh` script

vi /usr/local/bin/backup.sh

Press i to enter insert mode, edit backup script, press esc to exit insert mode and press shift+z+z to save and exit.

Step 14: create `/usr/local/bin/check.sh` script

cat << EOF > /usr/local/bin/check.sh
#! /bin/sh

set -e

red=$'\e[1;31m'
nc=$'\e[0m'

printf "Backup hash: "

read -r previous

current=\$(openssl dgst -sha512 "$BACKUP_VOLUME_PATH")

if [ "\$current" != "\$previous" ]; then
  printf "\${red}%s\${nc}\n" "Integrity check failed"
  exit 1
fi

printf "%s\n" "OK"
EOF
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/check.sh

Step 15: create `/usr/local/bin/restore.sh` script

cat << EOF > /usr/local/bin/restore.sh
#! /bin/sh

set -e

function dismount()
{
  if [ -d "\$mount_point" ]; then
    veracrypt --text --dismount "\$mount_point"
  fi
}

trap dismount ERR INT

volume_path="$BACKUP_VOLUME_PATH"
mount_point="/Volumes/Backup"

veracrypt --text --mount --mount-options "readonly" --pim "0" --keyfiles "" --protect-hidden "no" "\$volume_path" "\$mount_point"

open "\$mount_point"

printf "Restore data and press enter"

read -r answer

dismount

printf "%s\n" "Done"
EOF
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/restore.sh

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Usage guide

Backup

Heads-up: store hash in safe place such as password manager (not on same device as backup).

$ backup.sh
Enter password for /Volumes/Samsung BAR/backup:
Inspect backup and press enter
Generate hash (y or n)? y
SHA512(/Volumes/Samsung BAR/backup)= 281a3b0afec6708eff9566effdfa67de357933527688dfa2dfabae5dda5b7681f0fb84f6cfec6c3f7ac20246517f18f40babbd4f337b254a55de30ff67d6dd2e
Done

Done

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Check

$ check.sh
Backup hash: SHA512(/Volumes/Samsung BAR/backup)= 281a3b0afec6708eff9566effdfa67de357933527688dfa2dfabae5dda5b7681f0fb84f6cfec6c3f7ac20246517f18f40babbd4f337b254a55de30ff67d6dd2e
OK

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Restore

$ restore.sh
Enter password for /Volumes/Samsung BAR/backup:
Restore data and press enter
Done